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Following that period, in 1933, Frisch exemplified the pressure exerted on atoms by light. Electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) cooling Īt the advent of laser cooling techniques, Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism had already led to the quantification of electromagnetic radiation exerting a force ( radiation pressure), however it wasn't until the turn of the twentieth century when studies by Lebedev (1901), Nichols (1901), and Hull (1903) experimentally demonstrated that force.
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Simplified principle of Doppler laser cooling: 1Ī stationary atom sees the laser neither red- nor blue-shifted and does not absorb the photon.Īn atom moving away from the laser sees it red-shifted and does not absorb the photon.Īn atom moving towards the laser sees it blue-shifted and absorbs the photon, slowing the atom.